Information on Natural Dyes

(Provided by Lynn Voortman - Blue Castle Fiber Arts)

Natural Dye Plants

Below are many of the natural dye plants of historical use in the fiber arts. The majority of these plants are not very important as dyes, and could probably not now be collected in sufficient quantities. Some however, are important, such as woad, weld, heather, walnut, alder, oak and some lichens. If you wish to try dyeing a local plant, try to find it on a list such as this one to avoid disappointment. Not all plants, regardless of their beauty, make good dye material. Also be aware that some plants, such as some lichens are environmentally protected. The yellow dyes are most plentiful and many of these are good fast colors. Madder is the only reliable red dye among plants. Most of the dye plants require a preparation of the material to be dyed, with alum, or some other mordant, but a few, such as Barbary and some of the lichens, are substantive dyes, and require no mordant. View the list of plant dyes below.

Plants for Red Dye

Birch (Betula alba) Fresh inner bark
  Bed-straw (Gallium boreale) Roots  
Brazilwoods - various leguminous tree bark
Cochineal - (Coccus Cacti) Insect
Common Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) Roots  
Dyer's Woodruff (Asperula tinctoria) Roots  
Evergreen Alkanet (Anchusa sempervirens)
  Gromwell (Lithospermum arvense)  
Lady's Bedstraw (Gallium verum) Roots
  Marsh Potentil (Potentilla Comarum) Roots
  Madder (Rubia Tinctorum) Roots
  Potentil (Potentilla Tormentilla) Roots

Plants for Blue Dye

  Devil's Bit (Scabiosa succisa) Leaves prepared like woad  
Dog's Mercury (Mercurialis perennis)
  Elder (Sambucus nigra) Berries
  Indigo (Indigofera tintoria)
  Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Berries with alum and salt
  Red bearberry (Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi)
  Sloe (Prunus communis) Fruit  
Whortleberry or Blaeberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) Berries  
Woad (Isatis tinctoria)  Yellow Iris (Iris Pseudacorus) Roots

Plants for Yellow Dye

  Agrimony (Agrimonia Eupatoria)
  Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) Fresh inner bark
  Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) Stem and root
  Birch. Leaves  Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum)
  Bog Myrtle or Sweet Gale (Myrica Gale)  
Bracken (Pteris aquilina) Roots, also young tops
  Bramble (Rubus fructicosus)  
Broom (Sarothammus Scoparius)
  Buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula and R. cathartica) Berries and Bark
  Common dock (Rumex obtusifolius) Root
  Crab Apple (Pyrus Malus) Fresh inner bark  
Dyer's Greenwood (Genista tinctoria) Young shoots and leaves  
Gorse (Ulex Europæus) Bark, flowers and young shoots  
Heath (Erica vulgaris) With Alum
  Hedge stachys (Stachys palustris)  
Hop (Humulus lupulus)
  Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus) Bark
  Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis Vulnararia)
  Ling (Caluna vulgaris)
  Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris)  
Marsh potentil (Potentilla Comarum)
  Meadow Rue (Thalictrum flavum)  
Nettle (Urtica) With Alum
  Pear, Leaves
  Plum  
Polygonum Hydropiper
  Polygonum Persecaria
  Poplar, Leaves
  Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Leaves  
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)  
Sawwort (Serratula tinctoria)  
Spindle tree (Euonymus Europæus)
  Stinking Willy, or Ragweed (Senecio Jacobæa)
  Sundew (Drosera)  
Teasel (Dipsacus Sylvestris)  
Way-faring tree (Viburnum lantana) Leaves  
Weld (Reseda luteola)
  Willow, Leaves
  Yellow Camomile (Anthemis tinctoria)  
Yellow Centaury (Chlora perfoliata)
  Yellow Corydal (Corydalis lutea)

Plants for Green Dye

Elder (Sambucus nigra) Leaves with alum
Flowering reed (Phragmites communis) Flowering tops, with iron
Larch. Bark, with alum
Lily of the valley (Convalaria majalis) Leaves
Nettle (Urtica dioica and U. Urens)
Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Berries and leaves, with alum

Plants for Brown Dye

Alder (Alnus glutinosa) Bark
Birch (Betula alba) Bark
Hop (Humulus lupulus) Stalks give a brownish red colour
Onion, Skins
Larch, Pine needles, collected in Autumn
Oak (Quercus Robur) Bark
Red currants, with alum
Walnut, Root and green husks of nut
Water Lily (Nymphæa alba) Root
Whortleberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) Young shoots, with nut galls
Dulse (Seaweed)
Lichens

Plants for Purple Dye

Byrony (Byronia dioica) Berries
Damson, Fruit, with alum
Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-leonis) Roots
Danewort (Sambucus Ebulus) Berries
Deadly nightshade (Atropa Belladonna)
Elder (Sambucus nigra) Berries, with alum, a violet; with alum and salt, a lilac colour
Sundew (Drosera)
Whortleberry or blaeberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) It contains a blue or purple dye which will dye wool and silk without mordant

Plants for Black Dye

Alder (Alnus glutinosa) Bark, with iron
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) Young shoots, with salts of iron
Dock (Rumex) Root
Elder (Sambucus nigra) Bark, with iron
Iris (Iris Pseudacorus) Root
Meadowsweet (Spirea Ulmaria)
Oak, Bark and acorns

Mordants

In early days the leaves and roots of certain plants were used. This is the case even now in India and other places where traditional dyeing methods are still carried on.
Alum has been known for centuries in Europe. Alum and iron are the most environmentally friendly of the mineral mordants while chrome, tin and copper are considered more toxic. Some additional chemicals used with natural dyes, like cream of tartar, acetic acid and vinegar as well as the plant based mordants and tannic acid are also safe to use.  
There are two processes concerned with the dyeing of most colors; the first is mordanting and the second is the coloring or actual dyeing. The mordanting prepares the stuff to receive the dye (mordere, to bite).  
Any natural dye belongs to one of two classes. Substantive, giving color directly to the material: and adjective, which includes the greater number of dyes and requires the use of a mordant to bring out the color. All adjective dyes need this preparation of the fibre before they will fix themselves on it. The use of a mordant, though not a necessity, is sometimes an advantage when using substantive dyes.
  Mordants should not affect the physical characteristics of the fibers. Sufficient time must be allowed for the mordant to penetrate the fibre thoroughly. If the mordant is only superficial, the dye will be uneven: it will fade and will not be as brilliant as it should be. The brilliancy and fastness of Eastern natural dyes are probably due to a great extent to the length of time taken over the various processes of dyeing. The longer time that can be given to each process, the more satisfactory will be the result.
  Different mordants give different colors with the same natural dye stuff. For example, Cochineal, if mordanted with alum, will give a crimson color; with iron, purple; with tin, scarlet; and with chrome or copper, purple. Logwood also, if mordanted with alum, gives a mauve color; if mordanted with chrome, it gives a blue. Fustic, weld, and most of the yellow dyes, give a green yellow with alum, but an old gold color with chrome; and fawns of various shades with other mordants.
  Silk and wool require very much the same preparation except that in the case of silk, high temperatures should be avoided. Wool is generally boiled in a weak solution of whatever mordant is used. With silk, as a rule, it is better to use a cold solution, or a solution at a temperature below boiling point. Cotton and linen are more difficult to dye than wool or silk. Their fibre is not so porous and will not hold the natural dye stuff without a more complicated preparation. The usual method of preparing linen or cotton is to boil it first with some astringent. The use of astringents in dyeing depends upon the tannic acid they contain. In combination with ordinary mordants, tannic acid aids the attraction of the coloring matter to the fibre and adds brilliancy to the colors. The astringents mostly used are tannic acid, gall nuts, sumac and myrobalams. Cotton has a natural attraction for tannic acid, so that when once steeped in its solution it is not easily removed by washing. Continue reading to learn about the different types of natural dyes.

   Alum  - Aluminum Potassium Sulfate

This is the most generally used of all the mordants and has been known as such from early times in many parts of the world. For most colors a certain proportion of cream of tartar should be added to the alum bath as it helps to brighten the ultimate color. The usual amount of alum is a quarter of a pound to a pound of wool (25% of the weight of wool). As a rule, less mordant, (as little as 10% of the weight of wool) is needed for light colors than for dark. Excess of alum is apt to make the wool sticky. The usual length of time for boiling is about an hour. Some dyers give as much as 2-1/2 hours. There is also a cold method whereby the wool is added to a cold alum bath and left for one to two weeks.
  Example of mordanting with alum—1/4 lb. of Alum and 1 oz. cream of tartar for every pound of wool (metric: 125g alum and 30g cream of tartar for every 500g of wool). This is dissolved and when the water is warm the wool is entered. Raise to boiling point and boil for one hour. The bath is then taken off the fire and allowed to cool overnight. The wool is then wrung out (not washed) and put away in a linen bag in a cool place for 4 or 5 days, when it is ready for dyeing, after being thoroughly washed.   

Iron  - Ferrous Sulphate, Copperas, Green Vitriol

  Iron is one of the oldest mordants known and is largely used in wool and cotton dyeing. It is almost as important as alum. The temperature of the mordanting bath must be raised very gradually to boiling point or the wool will dye unevenly. A general method of dealing with copperas is to boil the wool first in a decoction of the coloring matter and then add the mordant to the same bath in a proportion of 5 to 8 percent of the weight of the wool, and continue boiling for half an hour or so longer. With some dyes a separate bath is needed, such as with Camwood or Catechu. Great care is needed in the using of copperas, as, unless it is thoroughly dissolved and mixed with the water before the wool is entered, it is apt to stain the wool. It also hardens wool if used in excess or if boiled too long. A separate bath should always be kept for natural dyes or mordants containing iron. The least trace of it will dull colors and it will spoil the brilliancy of reds, yellows and oranges.  
Copperas is mostly used for the fixing of wool colors (Fustic, etc.) to produce brown shades; the wool being boiled first in a decoction of the natural dye for about 1 hour, and then for 1/2 an hour with the addition of 5 to 8 percent of copperas. If used for darkening colors, copperas is added to the bath after the dyeing, and the boiling continued for 15 to 20 mins.

   Tin*  - Stannous Chloride, Tin Crystals, Tin Salts, Muriate of Tin.

  Tin is not so useful as a mordant in itself, but as a modifying agent with other mordants. It must always be used with great care, as it tends to harden the wool, making it harsh and brittle. Its general effect is to give brighter, clearer and faster colors than the other mordants. When used as a mordant before dyeing, the wool is entered into the cold mordant bath, containing 4 percent of stannous chloride and 2 percent oxalic acid; the temperature is gradually raised to boiling, and kept at this temperature for 1 hour. It is sometimes added to the natural dye bath towards the end of dyeing, to intensify and brighten the color. It is also used with cochineal for scarlet on wool in the one bath method.   

Chrome* - Potassium Dichromate. Bichromate of Potash.

  Chrome is a modern mordant. It is excellent for wool and is easy to use and very effective in its action. Its great advantage is that it leaves the wool soft to the touch, whereas the other mordants are apt to harden the wool. The disadvantage is that chrome is considered an environmentally toxic mordant and must be disposed of properly. For this reason, many natural dyers choose not to use chrome.  
The wool should be boiled for 1 to 1-1/2 hours with bichromate of potash in the proportion of 2 to 4 percent of the wool. It is then washed well and immediately dyed. Wool mordanted with chrome should not be exposed to light, but should be kept well covered with the liquid while being mordanted, else it is liable to dye unevenly. An excess of chrome impairs the color; 3 percent of chrome is a recommended quantity to use for ordinary dyeing. It should be dissolved in the bath while the water is heating. The wool is entered and the bath, gradually raised to the boiling point, and boiled for 3/4 of an hour.   

Copper*  - Copper Sulphate, Verdigris, Blue Vitriol, Blue Copperas, Bluestone

  Copper is rarely used as a mordant. It is usually applied as a saddening agent, that is, the wool is dyed first, and the mordant applied afterwards to fix the color. With cream of tartar it is used sometimes as an ordinary mordant before dyeing, but the colors so produced have no advantage over colors mordanted by easier methods.   

Adapted from: Vegetable Dyes: Being a Book of Recipes and Other Information Useful to the Dyer by Ethel M. Mairet  

*If you are considering using chrome or potassium dichromate (bichromate of potash), tin (stannous chloride) or copper (copper sulphate) with your natural dyes, read this article first - Why We Don't Use Chrome Anymore! by Darvin DeShazer, USA(The International Mushroom Dye Institute)

Information on Natural Dyes